I have had quite a number of cases where a cat has blown. The cat material is in two separate halves.
If the back half goes, a piece of the material can get stuck in the cat back and create enormous back pressure because the gases have difficulty escaping. That robs the engine of a lot of power. In one case my 550HP track car was down 80HP per my G-Tech/Pro. The suddenly there was a big ****, a cloud of black smoke came out, and I got all my power back. Another case is an ATX I'm currently working on where the power came back without the ****.
If the front half goes, material can get sucked back into the engine and score the cylinder walls beyond repair. I had to replace the short block in a client car because of that. Oversized piston rings are not available, so the cylinder walls couldn't be resurfaced.
Sounds like the former in your case, which is good news. I use a drain snake from a hardware store to run it down the cat back to see where the blockage is. I can go all the way back to the LH muffler with it. In some cases the drain snake will break up the blockage, But in one case it wouldn't, so I marked the outside of the exhaust where the snake stopped, and had a muffler shop cut it open to remove the blockage.