First off, I don't think that the round cable bushing can be the problem. The cable sheath is sitting where it's supposed to, and plays no part when you press the pedal which pulls the cable. The flexing you see is going to make virtually no difference.
I have just dealt with a broken square bushing at the rear of a shifter which has the two studs holding the shifter on to the car. That is to allow variations in distance from the front end attached to the transmission and the rear end attached to the car. The distance can alter slightly from the transmission moving a little because of flex in the engine subframe bushings. Again, it can't be the problem, as long as the nuts on the rear studs are holding the back of the shifter securely to the car.
So, how far off the floor is the pedal when the clutch just starts to engage? You can check by: parking brake *******, hood open, engage first, raise the revs slightly, then slowly lifting your foot off the pedal until the front of the engine starts to go up. If it's very close to the floor, the clutch may not be disengaging all the way. This may be what that loud pop you heard was: the TOB punching through the end of the clutch fingers. If so, this may help:
Do you hear a grinding noise when you depress the clutch pedal? Another indication of the aforementioned.
However, none of that explains why you have difficulty moving the stick left and right. That has to be a problem with the shifter or the mechanism inside the transmission.