Periodic oil changes are required due primarily to three critical factors:
1. Viscosity breakdown - The shearing of the long molecules of hydrocarbons literally cause the oil to "wear out".
2. Depletion of additive packs - The various compounds and elements that are added to oil to improve specific performance properties get used up.
3. Particulates in suspension - There is a limit to how much foreign material (ie, dirt, unburned hydrocarbons, combustion byproducts, etc) can be retained in suspension.
Synthetics, in particular, can be engineered to address issue #1 particularly well by proper selection and processing of the base stocks used in the manufacturing of the oil.
Additive packs in synthetics are also typically very robust. Since they are "better" to begin with, they typically last an extended period of usage before being depleted.
Filtration can remove the larger particles that have found their way into suspension. Very efficient filters do a good job of removing ever smaller sized particles from the oil, keeping it from getting "loaded" with particulates.
As can be seen, extended oil change intervals can be utilized IF dicipline is followed. Normally, this will involve periodic testing of the oil by a qualified laboratory to determine the then-current status of the oil. Oil changes based on lab testing will provide the "best" performance of the oil when under an extended OCI regimen.
The 3K OCI was incorporated as a preventative (and marketing) measure several decades ago. Perform a Google search on "3,000 mile oil change myth" and read through at least several pages of hits. 3k OCIs are not harmful to the engine, but do add expense to the ownership of your car. Since that time, conventional oils and additives have improved greatly addressing the primary concerns that necessitate the oil change in the first place.
Today's basic conventionals can easily perform adequately for 5K miles (unless you qualify as a Severe Duty usage) OCI.
Synthetics and blends offer the increased opportunity for extending that OCI if there is disciplne and a measure of common sense.
Steve